The different RGC types respond to different features of the visual cues and relay them to the brain to achieve cohesive visual perception. According to the most recent estimate, more than 40 types of RGCs exist. The various aspects of vision, including color, intensity, contrast, and movement detection, are all coded through the many types of RGCs.

In the visual circuitry, RGCs receive visual signals from photoreceptors via interneurons (bipolar and amacrine cells) and send them to the rest of the brain through the optic nerve. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only type of output neurons in the retina with long axonal projections to the brain.

We discuss critical issues that remain to be addressed for a comprehensive understanding of these different aspects of RGC genesis and emerging technologies, including single-cell techniques, novel genetic tools and resources, and high-throughput genome editing and screening assays, which can be leveraged in future studies. We emphasize the roles of these key transcription factors and pathways in different developmental steps, including the transition from retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) to RGCs, RGC differentiation, generation of diverse RGC types, and central projection of the RGC axons. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the functions and relationships of the many regulators of the specification and differentiation of the RGC lineage. Recent studies with single-cell transcriptomics have led to unprecedented new insights into their types and developmental trajectory. The specification and differentiation of the RGC lineage is a stepwise process a hierarchical gene regulatory network controlling the RGC lineage has been identified and continues to be elaborated. RGCs are the first cell type to form during retinogenesis. The function of RGCs is performed by the approximately 40 RGC types projecting to various central brain targets. They receive and integrate visual signals from upstream retinal neurons in the visual circuitry and transmit them to the brain.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only projection neurons in the neural retina.

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